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The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) Index, the oldest stock exchange in the U.S. and most influential in the world, consists of 30 companies and has an extremely interesting and distressing history regarding its beginnings, transformation and structural development. Frankly, it has all the trappings of what is commonly referred to as pyramid or Ponzi scheme. Words: 1233
So says Wim Grommen in an article* reformatted and edited […] below by Lorimer Wilson, editor of www.munKNEE.com, for the sake of clarity and brevity to ensure a fast and easy read. Please note that this paragraph must be included in any article reposting to avoid copyright infringement.
Grommen goes on to say:
The Dow Index was first published in 1896 when it consisted of just 12 constituents and was a simple price average index in which the sum total value of the shares of the 12 constituents were simply divided by 12. As such those shares with the highest prices had the greatest influence on the movements of the index as a whole. In 1916 the Dow 12 became the Dow 20 with four companies being removed from the original twelve and twelve new companies being added. In October, 1928 the Dow 20 became the Dow 30 but the calculation of the index was changed to be the sum of the value of the shares of the 30 constituents divided by what is known as the Dow Divisor. (Go here for a detailed definition by investopedia.)
While the inclusion of the Dow Divisor may have seemed totally straightforward it was – and still is – anything but! Why so? Because every time the number of, or specific constituent, companies change in the index any comparison of the new index value with the old index value is impossible to make with any validity whatsoever. It is like comparing the taste of a cocktail of fruits when the number of different fruits and their distinctive flavours – keep changing. Let me explain the aforementioned as it relates to the Dow.
Companies Go Through 5 Transition Phases
On one hand, generally speaking, the companies that are removed from the index are in either the stabilization or degeneration transition phases of which there are five, namely:
1. the pre-development phase in which the present status does not visibly change.
2. the take-off phase in which the process of change starts because of changes to the system
3. the acceleration phase in which visible structural changes – social, cultural, economical, ecological, institutional – influence each other
4. the stabilization phase in which the speed of sociological change slows down and a new dynamic is achieved through learning.
5. the degeneration phase in which costs rise because of over-capacity leading to the producing company finally withdrawing from the market.
On the other hand, companies in the take-off or acceleration phase are added to the index. This greatly increases the chances that the index will always continue to advance rather than decline. In fact, the manner in which the Dow index is maintained actually creates a kind of pyramid scheme! All goes well as long as companies are added that are in their take-off or acceleration phase in place of companies in their stabilization or degeneration phase.
The False Appreciation of the Dow Explained
a) On November 5th, 1928, the Dow Divisor was reduced from 30 to 16.02
When the Dow was enlarged to 30 constituents, the calculation formula for the index (called the Dow Divisor) was changed to take into account the fact that the shares of companies in the Index split on occasion. It was determined that, to allow the value of the Index to remain constant, the sum total of the share values of the 30 constituent companies would no longer be divided by 30 but be divided by 16.02.
The sum value of the shares of the 30 constituents of the Dow 30 on November 5th was $3,984 which was then divided by 16.02 rather than 30 thereby generating an index value of 249 (3984 divided by 16.02) instead of 133 (3984 divided by 30) representing an increase of 87% overnight!! This action had the affect of putting dramatically more importance on the absolute dollar changes of those shares with the greatest price changes – but it didn’t stop there!
b) In September, 1929, the Dow Divisor was reduced from 16.02 to 10.47
The further adjustment downward to 10.47 was done as a way of better accounting for the change in the deletion and addition of constituents back in October/November, 1928. This, in effect, increased the November 5th, 1928 index value to 380.5 from the original 132.8 for a paper increase of 186.5%!!! From September, 1929 onwards (at least for a while) this “adjustment” had the affect – and I repeat myself – of putting even that much more importance on the absolute dollar changes of those shares with the greatest changes.
From the above analyses/explanation it is evident that the dramatic “adjustments” to the Dow Divisor (coupled with the addition/deletion of constituent companies according to which transition phase they were in) were major contributors to the dramatic increase in the Dow from 1920 until October 1929 and the following dramatic decrease in the Dow 30 from then until 1932 notwithstanding the economic conditions of the time as well.
c) By 2010 the Dow Divisor had been adjusted downward to 0.132129493!!
The 1980s and ‘90s saw a continuation of the undermining of the true value of the Dow 30 which was accounting for its exponential rise during that bull market. Yes – you guessed correctly – further “adjustments” in the Dow Divisor kept coming and coming! (See here when and why every change was made from the very beginning.) As the set of constituents of the Dow changed over the years and many shares were split the Dow Divisor kept changing. By 1985 it was only 1.116 and today it is only 0.132129493.
Had it not been for the above outlined dramatic decrease in the Dow Divisor the January 12th, 2011 Dow 30 index value of 11,769 (sum total of the current prices of the 30 constituent shares of $1555.03 divided by 0.132129493) would only be 1393.40 ($1555.03 divided by 1.116) in 1985 terms. Were we still using the original formula the Dow 30 would actually be only 51.83 ($1555.03 divided by 30)!
The crucial questions today are:
1. Is the current underlying economy strong enough to keep the Dow 30 at its present level?
2. Will the 30 constituents of the Dow remain robust or evolve into the stabilization and degeneration phases?
3. Will there be enough new companies to act as new “up-lifters” of the Dow?
4. When will the Dow Divisor change – yet again??
Conclusion
I call on the financial community to take a critical look at the Dow Divisor. If it is retained investors will continue to be deceived with every new transition from one phase to another with major financial consequences for all involved.
*A version of this article, entitled “Beurskrach 1929, mysterie ontrafeld?”, was first published in Dutch in the January 2010 issue of “Technische en Kwantitatieve Analyse” magazine which is a monthly publication of Beleggers Belangen (Investment Interests) in the Netherlands and on several sites there including: http://www.beursprognoses.com/analyse/292/Dow-Jones-Index,-mythe-ontrafeld and http://www.usmarkets.nl/columns/156905-beurskrach-1929-mysterie-ontzegeld.html
Editor’s Note: The above article consists of reformatted edited excerpts from the original for the sake of brevity, clarity and to ensure a fast and easy read. The author’s views and conclusions are unaltered.