The 10 Most Helpful Financial Ratios For Evaluating Different Businesses (2K Views)

Dividend investing is part art, part science. Financial ratios make up most of the science behind investing. While there are literally hundreds (if not thousands) of different financial ratios, understanding a handful of the most important indicators can help investors make better informed decisions and sidestep avoidable mistakes…[This article] take a close look at the financial ratios that are most helpful for evaluating different businesses.

For the purposes of this article, we define financial ratios as any number or calculation used by dividend investors to better understand an investment opportunity…[and they] are found throughout a company’s financial statements, annual reports, investor presentations, and more. Some examples of common financial metrics include return on equity, payout ratios, and price-to-earnings multiples…

In case you are wondering if it’s worth putting in the time to learn about financial ratios, Warren Buffett’s advice might be enough of an encouragement to get started: “Accounting is the language of business, and you have to learn it like a language… To be successful at business, you have to understand the underlying financial values of the business.” –Warren Buffett

Let’s take a close look at the financial ratios that are most helpful for evaluating different businesses.

1. Dividend Payout Ratio

The dividend payout ratio is perhaps the most common financial ratio known by dividend investors. The dividend payout ratio measures how much of a company’s earnings are paid out as a dividend.

To calculate a company’s dividend payout ratio, simply divide the amount of dividends it paid over a certain time period by the amount of earnings it generated. For example, if Coca-Cola has a payout ratio of 60% over the last year, the company might have paid $6 per share in dividends while generating $10 per share in earnings ($6 / $10 = 60%).

Investors like to analyze the dividend payout ratio because it can inform how safe a company’s dividend is and how much room it has for future growth.

A high payout ratio (e.g. above 70%) could mean that the dividend payment is riskier because it consumers the majority of a company’s earnings. If business trends unexpectedly fall, there might not be enough profits to keep paying the dividend. Dividend growth can also be more difficult for companies with high dividend payout ratios unless earnings growth is strong.

Generally speaking, we prefer to invest in companies with payout ratios between 40-60%. However, we will invest in companies with higher payout ratios if their business trends are extremely stable (e.g. a regulated electric utility business) and they maintain strong financial health.

3M Company’s dividend payout ratio below is an example of what we really like to see. Note how stable its payout ratio has been. Perhaps even more impressively, 3M has increased its dividend by nearly 10% per year over this period. The company’s relatively flat payout ratio means that its dividend growth has been sustainably fueled by growth in its earnings.

2. Free Cash Flow

Without free cash flow, a company is unlikely to survive over the long run. That’s how important this financial metric is and a key reason why we analyze it to find safer dividend stocks.

Free cash flow is calculated using the company’s statement of cash flows. A company’s capital expenditures (i.e. money spent on property, plant, and equipment) is subtracted from its cash flow from operations (i.e. net income adjusted for non-cash charges such as depreciation) to arrive at free cash flow.

If a company does not generate free cash flow, it does not have funds to return to shareholders via dividends and share repurchases, nor does it have sustainable cash flow to use for acquisitions or debt repayments.

Companies that fail to generate free cash flow typically have capital-intensive businesses with few competitive advantages. We prefer to invest in companies that consistently generate free cash flow in virtually every environment.

Paychex (PAYX) is one such business. The company provides a variety of payroll processing and outsourcing services to small and medium-sized businesses. Its operations require little capital and enjoy high recurring revenue, resulting in extremely consistent free cash flow generation. That’s one reason why we own the company in our Conservative Retirees dividend portfolio.

On the other end of the spectrum, United States Steel Corp (X) has been an unpredictable free cash flow generator. The company must invest heavily in its capital-intensive steel mills and has little control over the prices it can charge for its products.

Looking at free cash flow generation alone, Paychex appears to be the more reliable dividend payer of the two companies.

3. Return on Invested Capital

Suppose you had $100 to invest. One company can turn your $100 into $105, but another company can produce $110 with your money. All other things equal, we would pick the second company because it can grow our money faster.

To keep things simple, that is what return on invested capital is all about. Businesses take in funds (debt and/or equity) and invest to generate a return for shareholders. Companies that earn higher returns can compound our capital faster and are generally more desirable. Companies that earn returns below what investors demand should, in theory, eventually go out of existence.

For these reasons, one of Warren Buffett’s favorite financial ratios is return on equity, which divides a company’s net income by its shareholders’ equity. For example, if shareholders purchased $100 of stock to fund a company and it generated $10 of profit, the company’s return on equity would be 10% ($10 of net income divided by $100 of equity). Buffett likes companies that earn a high return on equity because they compound earnings faster and usually have some sort of competitive advantage.

Return on invested capital is similar to return on equity, but it measures a company’s return on equity and debt. This is a key adjustment because it helps adjust for differences in capital structures between firms so we can better compare them.

For example, suppose there were two companies that each had $100 worth of assets. Company ABC financed its assets all with equity ($100). Company XYZ financed its assets with $20 of equity and $80 of debt. Both companies generated $10 per share in earnings last year.

If we were simply looking at return on equity, Company ABC would have a return of 10% ($10 of earnings divided by $100 of equity). However, Company XYZ would have a return on equity of 50% ($10 of earnings divided by $20 of equity). At first glance, Company XYZ would seem like the superior business despite their identical level of assets and earnings.

Using return on invested capital instead, we would find that both companies generated a 10% return ($10 of earnings divided by $100.

Using return on invested capital instead, we would find that both companies generated a 10% return ($10 of earnings divided by $100 of total capital).

When we analyze a company’s return on invested capital, we look at the level (e.g. 10%) and consistency of its returns (e.g. does it earn a stable return each year or are the returns very volatile). A stable, double-digit return on invested capital over many years of time is often the sign of a highly profitable, efficient company that could have an economic moat.

One example would be Coca-Cola (KO), one of Warren Buffett’s top dividend stocks. The company has earned a return on invested capital between 14% and 28% in each of the last 10 years.

4. Operating Profit Margin

A company’s operating profit margin divides its operating profits by its total sales. Operating profits generally represent the company’s earnings before interest and taxes.

By excluding these expenses, we can compare companies regardless of their financing choices (debt results in interest expenses) and tax treatments to focus on the profitability of their actual operations.

Across our database of nearly 5,000 dividend-paying stocks, the median operating profit margin is about 12%. Higher operating profit margins can be a sign that a company has an economic moat.

Just like with our analysis of a company’s return on invested capital, we pay close attention to the level and consistency of a company’s operating margin. High and stable margins are preferable because they help earnings compound faster.

5. Asset Turnover

Asset turnover is a less familiar financial ratio but an important one as it relates to efficiency. To calculate a company’s asset turnover, we divide its total sales by its total assets. The metric tells us how many dollars of sales each dollar of assets generated.

Companies that generate more sales from their assets can squeeze out more profits. Even if a company has low margins, it can still generate a good return on invested capital for shareholders if its asset turnover is high.

Wal-Mart (WMT) is a good example. The company’s operating profit margin was only 5% last year, yet the business was still able to generate a double-digit return on invested capital because its asset turnover was so high (Wal-Mart sells a lot of products every day).

Companies that can more efficiently use their assets can improve their asset turnover and return on invested capital.

6. Sales Growth

Sales growth is a basic financial metric that simply divides one period’s revenue by another period’s revenue and expresses the difference as a percentage. For example, if sales increased from $100 last year to $120 this year, sales growth would be 20%.

Why is sales growth so important for investing? While profits still matter the most, trends in sales growth can inform us about the volatility of a company’s business model and its ability to continue expanding.

Let’s take a look at Nucor (NUE) as an example. Nucor is a member of the dividend aristocrats list and manufactures a wide variety of steel products.

As seen below, the company’s sales plunged by 53% in 2009 and have been highly volatile most years. There is little in Nucor’s control when it comes to growing its business because it is very sensitive to the economy and the price of steel.

If an investor is considering buying a company with cyclical growth trends, they need to be sure they are not picking it up near peak demand – buying a cyclical at the top of a cycle is one of the easiest ways to lose a lot of money quickly.

On the other hand, Becton Dickinson (BDX) has consistently churned out relatively stable revenue growth – even throughout the last recession. The healthcare company sells a number of essential medical devices and systems that are needed in practically every economic environment.

All else equal, we prefer to hold businesses that sell products and services with more stable demand. These companies often have more within their control and produce steadier earnings growth.

7. Debt-to-Capital

Financial leverage can be very dangerous. Those of us who have felt the pains of credit card debt or an excessive home mortgage understand that borrowed money can be a very dangerous thing if we overextend ourselves.

That’s also true for businesses and is a main reason why we look at a company’s debt-to-capital ratio. This financial metric tells us how much debt a company is using to run its business.

If a company has $100 worth of equipment, it acquired that equipment through some combination of debt and equity.

The debt-to-capital ratio tells you what proportion of a company’s financing is from debt. Using the example above, suppose the $100 of equipment was supported by $20 of debt and $80 of equity.

The company’s debt-to-capital ratio would be calculated as follows: total book debt ($20) divided by total book debt ($20) plus equity ($80). The result is a debt-to-capital ratio of 20% ($20 / $100). In other words, debt accounts for 20% of the company’s capital structure in this case.

We prefer to invest in companies with a debt-to-capital ratio no higher than 50%, although some businesses such as utilities can reasonably take on higher debt levels due to the reliability of their earnings.

If a company unexpectedly falls on hard times and has too much debt and interest to pay with its dwindling cash flow, its stock price can get crushed and the dividend payment becomes that much riskier. Companies will always pay their debt obligations before paying a dividend.

8. Net Debt / EBIT

While the debt-to-capital ratio was focused on the company’s capital structure, the net debt / EBIT ratio compares a company’s debt to its earnings.

The idea behind this financial ratio is that a company with a seemingly high level of debt might not be as risky as it appears if it is generating a lot of profits and has plenty of cash on hand.

Net debt is a company’s total debt less the cash it has on hand. For example, if a company had $100 of debt and $10 of cash, its net debt would be $90.

EBIT stands for “earnings before interest and taxes” and is also referred to as operating profit. EBIT is typically measured over the course of one year.

Dividing net debt by EBIT, we can calculate how many years it would take a business to pay off its debt using its cash on hand and annual operating profits.

Suppose Pepsi had $100 of debt, $10 of cash on hand, and $45 of EBIT last year.

Pepsi’s net debt would be $90 ($100 of debt less $10 of cash). Dividing net debt ($90) by Pepsi’s EBIT ($45) gives us a net debt / EBIT ratio of 2.0.

In other words, Pepsi could theoretically eliminate its debt with cash on hand and two years’ worth of operating profits.

We generally prefer to invest in companies with a net debt / EBIT ratio no greater than about 2.0, but companies with more stable earnings can afford somewhat higher leverage ratios.

9. Price-to-Earnings Ratio

The price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio is arguably the most popular valuation metric used by investors.

The metric simply divides a company’s stock price by the amount of earnings per share it has generated over a one-year period.

Historically speaking, the long run average P/E multiple for the market has been about 15. Companies perceived to have more stable earnings and faster earnings growth potential usually trade at higher earnings multiples than the market.

We generally prefer to buy companies that trade at P/E ratios less than 20 and intend to hold our stocks as long as possible once we buy.

10. Total Shareholder Return

As dividend investors, there is a constant temptation to focus on yield alone. After all, the dividends a company is scheduled to pay are a very tangible return.

However, we are still total return investors – a 6% dividend yield does an investor little good if the stock price falls by 40% over the course of his holding period. Total shareholder return (TSR) measures the increase in a stock’s price, including any dividends paid.

For example, suppose shares of Coca-Cola were trading at $50 at the beginning of 2015. If Coke’s shares increased to $58 per share at the end of 2015 and the company paid dividends of $2 per share during the year, the stock’s TSR would be 20% [($58 per share stock price + $2 per share in dividends) / ($50 per share starting stock price) – 1 = 20%].

Well-managed businesses should create shareholder value over time by delivering a return at least in line with the broader market.

We will look at Ecolab (ECL) as an example. The table below shows Ecolab’s total shareholder return (TSR) per year over three different time periods. The company’s TSR is then compared to the market’s to see how the stock performed.

As you can see, Ecolab meaningfully outperformed the market in each period, creating massive value for its shareholders. An investor who bought shares of Ecolab at the beginning of 2006 would have nearly doubled the performance of the market since then!

The chart below shows Ecolab’s TSR compared to the market, indexed at 100. A rising line means that the company’s stock outperformed the market. We can see that Ecolab outperformed the market in most years (a steadily rising line), giving us some confidence in the company’s business quality and management team.

Of course, few stocks have been home run investments like Ecolab. The TSR information below is for United States Steel Corp (X). Simply put, the company has been an absolute disaster for shareholders, returning -15.7% per year from 2006-2015 while the market gained 7.4% per year.

When a company has persistently destroyed shareholder value, investors really need to ask themselves why this trend would reverse any time soon. There is quite possibly something structurally wrong with the company’s business model or industry.

As John Templeton once said, “The four most dangerous words in investing are: this time it’s different.”

Closing Thoughts

While investing involves plenty of unknowns and a large degree of randomness at times, there are numerous avoidable mistakes that investors can sidestep when armed with an understanding of some financial ratios. [Now you have]…at least a basic understanding of the most important financial ratios for dividend investing…

Disclosure: The original article, by SimplySafeDividends.com,was edited ([ ]) and abridged (…) by the editorial team at munKNEE.com (Your Key to Making Money!) to provide a fast and easy read.

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